Combined application of bio-organic phosphate and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (Bacillus strain MWT 14) improve the performance of bread wheat with low fertilizer input under an arid climate

Abstract This study was aimed to investigate the effect of bio-organic phosphate either alone or in combination with phosphorus solubilizing bacteria strain (Bacillus MWT-14) on the growth and productivity of two wheat cultivars (Galaxy-2013 and Punjab-2011) along with recommended (150-100 NP kg ha−1) and half dose (75-50 NP kg ha−1) of fertilizers. The combined application of bio-organic phosphate and the phosphorous solubilizing bacteria strain at either fertilizer level significantly improved the growth, yield parameters and productivity of both wheat cultivars compared to non-inoculated control treatments. The cultivar Punjab-2011 produced the higher chlorophyll contents, crop growth rate, and the straw yield at half dose of NP fertilizer; while Galaxy-2013, with the combined application of bio-organic phosphate and phosphorous solubilizing bacteria under recommended NP fertilizer dose. Combined over both NP fertilizer levels, the combined use of bio-organic phosphate and phosphorous solubilizing bacteria enhanced the grain yield of cultivar Galaxy-2013 by 54.3% and that of cultivar Punjab-2011 by 83.3%. The combined application of bio-organic phosphate and phosphorous solubilizing bacteria also increased the population of phosphorous solubilizing bacteria, the soil organic matter and phosphorous contents in the soil. In conclusion, the combined application of bio-organic phosphate and phosphorous solubilizing bacteria offers an eco-friendly option to harvest the better wheat yield with low fertilizer input under arid climate.

Phosphate solubilizing ability of Emericella nidulans strain V1 isolated from vermicompost.

Phosphorus is one of the key factors that regulate soil fertility. Its deficiencies in soil are largely replenished by chemical fertilizers. The present study was aimed to isolate efficient phosphate solubilizing fungal strains from Eisenia fetida vermicompost. Out of total 30 fungal strains the most efficient phosphate solubilizing one was Emericella (Aspergillus) nidulans V1 (MTCC 11044), identified by custom sequencing of β-tubulin gene and BLAST analysis. This strain solubilized 13 to 36% phosphate from four different rock phosphates. After three days of incubation of isolated culture with black Mussorie phosphate rock, the highest percentage of phosphate solubilization was 35.5±1.01 with a pH drop of 4.2±0.09. Kinetics of solubilization and acid production showed a linear relationship until day five of incubation. Interestingly, from zero to tenth day of incubation, solubility of soil phosphate increased gradually from 4.31±1.57 to 13.65±1.82 (mg kg-1) recording a maximum of 21.23±0.54 on day 45 in respect of the V1 isolate. Further, enhanced phosphorus uptake by Phaseolus plants with significant pod yield due to soil inoculation of Emericella nidulans V1 (MTCC 11044), demonstrated its prospect as an effective biofertilizer for plant growth.

Fluoride kinetics in saliva after the use of a fluoride-containing chewing gum

Há uma relação entre o uso de fluoretos, a redução na cárie e o aumento da fluorose dentária. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a cinética do flúor na saliva após o uso da goma de mascar Happydent®, que contém 3,38 mg de flúor como monofluorfosfato. A saliva foi coletada de 15 voluntários entre 7 e 9 anos de idade, durante 3 minutos nos intervalos de 0, 3, 6, 9, 15, 30 e 45 minutos. Inicialmente, a coleta foi realizada com o Trident® (controle) e, após 24 h, a coleta foi repetida com a goma de mascar Happydent®. O flúor foi analisado com um eletrodo íon-específico (Orion 96-09) após a realização da hidrólise ácida. Os dados foram analisados através da análise de variância a dois critérios e pelo teste de Tukey (p < 0,05). A quantidade média ± dp (mg) de flúor liberado na saliva foi 0,276 ± 0,126 e 0,024 ± 0,014 para o Happydent® e o Trident®, respectivamente. A quantidade de flúor nas amostras de saliva após o uso do Happydent® foi significativamente maior do que após o uso do Trident® em todos os tempos experimentais, com exceção dos períodos de 30 e 45 minutos. A alta quantidade de flúor na saliva após o uso do Happydent® poderia ser eficiente na prevenção da cárie dentária, o que deveria ser avaliado clinicamente. Por outro lado, essa goma de mascar deveria ser evitada por crianças na idade de risco para a fluorose dentária.

Metabolism of the complex monofluorophosphate-alpha2-macroglobulin in the rat

Sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) is a drug used in the treatment of primary osteoporosis. Following the intake of MFP, a small fraction of the drug is absorbed intact and forms a complex with alpha2-macroglobulin (MFP-alpha2M) inactivating the antiproteasic activity of the globulin. The complex has been shown to occur in the serum of rats and human being. This paper reports data on the metabolism of this complex in the rat. In vitro experiments showed that liver and bone tissue remove MFP-alpha2M from the incubation medium. When the experiments were pursued beyond the time needed to reduce the complex concentration to very low levels, fluorine (F) reappears in the medium in two forms: bound to low molecular weight macromolecule/s (2,200 + 600 Da) and as ionic F. Concentrations of these F fractions increase while that of the complex decreases as a function of time. In vitro, uptake of the complex by liver or bone tissue was not affected by the presence of colchicine or methylamine. These drugs, however, inhibited intracellular metabolism of the complex, as indicated by the impairment of the return of F species to the extracellular space and the increase in F content of the tissue. The cellular receptors responsible for the uptake of the complex in liver and bone are insensitive to low concentration of calcium and inhibited by polyinosinic acid[5']. These features characterize the "scavenger" receptor, one of the two receptor types known to remove inactive alpha2M from the circulation. Injection of polyinosinic acid [5'] to living rats also hindered the disappearance of the complex from serum. It is concluded that the metabolism of the MFP-alpha2M complex involves binding to receptors, uptake by cells, lysosomal degradation and return of F bound to low molecular weight macromolecule/s to the extracelular space. It is assumed, however, that inorganic F is the final product of lysosomal hydrolysis of the protein moiety.

Braquiterapia de tumores sólidos: uso del fosfato crómico coloidal / Brachytherapy of solid tumors: use of chromic phosphate coloid

Con el propósito de evaluar la efectividad de una dosis única de [33P]-Fosfato Crómico (Phosphocol(TM)) para el tratamiento de tumores sólidos, se realizaron estudios de bioeliminación, biodistribución y acción terapéutica en ratas portadoreas de tumores experimentales químicamente inducidos. Los resultados demuestran que el porcentaje de eliminación total es de 29.76 + 9.60 por ciento, siendo la eliminación por vía fecal de 23.28 + 8.81 por ciento y la urinaria de 6.48 + 2.11 por ciento. Los estudios de biodistribución revelan que el 51.61 + 5.82 por ciento de la actividad inyectada se encuentra en el tumor, mientras que en órganos donde existen células reticuloendoteliales, se encontró que el porcentaje de actividad es de 13.09 + 5.15 por ciento en hígado y de 2.88 + 1.23 por ciento en pulmón. Por otra parte, los estudios de acción terapéutica demuestran que el porcentaje de regresión tumoral (P.R.T.) es de 61.0 por ciento para los tumores inyectados. Cabe destacar que 4 de los animales tratados mostraron perfiles de bioeliminación, en los cuales, la misma aumentó abruptamente en algún momento del estudio. Estos resultados demuestran que no es recomendable el uso de este tipo de coloides en el tratamiento de tumores sólidos con moderado grado de vascularización, debido a que puede existir movilización del mismo y en consecuencia iradiación de otros órganos no afectados al tratamiento.

Great particles (32P) chromic phosphate for treatment of solid tumors

With the purpose studying the effectivity of an intratumoral single dose of chromic [(32)P] phosphate with great particles for the treatment of solid tumors, studies of biolimination, biodistribution and therapeutic action were carried out. Only for comparative purpose, similar studies were undertaken using a solution of sodium [(32)P] orthophosphategelatine. The results show that when sodium [(32)P] orthophosphategelatine is used, the percentage of total elimination is (85.90+8,70) per cent with a higler percentage in urine (64.50+13.70) per cent than in faeces (21.40+4.50) per cent. In biodistribution studies, the greater percentage is found in bone (15.54+2.21) per cent while only a (2.51+0.39) per cent remains in the tumor. When great particles chromic [(32)P] phosphate was intratumorally injected, we determined that the total elimination is equal (36.28+6.27) per cent, finding a higler amount in faeces (29.44+5.26) per cent than in urine (6.84+2.21) per cent. Biodistribution studies demonstrated that (49.82+5.41) per cent remains in the tumor and (9.63+4.89) per cent of the injected activity is found in the liver. On the other hand, when therapeutic action was evoluted, we observed that the percentage of tumor regression (P.T.R) is 52.0 per cent for the tumors injected with chromic [(32)P] phosphate and 0.0 per cent for those injected with sodium [(32)P] orthophosphate-gelatine. These results show that the great particles colloid of chromic [(32)P] phosphate is not safe enough for the tratment of solid tumors, since it is mobilezed from the injection point, delivering a high dose to the whole organism.

La prevención de caries a través de un vehículo nutricional / Caries prevention through a nutritional vehicle

Con el propósito de evaluar la prevención de caries a través de un importante elemento de la nutrición infantil como es la leche, se estudiaron las possibilidades biológicas, tecnológicas y de costos relativos cuando ésta se suplementa con fluoruro (f), utilizando monofluorfosfato de sodio (MFP) como fluorante en dicho producto. Através de encuestas y análisis químicos, se determinó el rango de ingesta de F en la población preescolar chilena de nivel socioeconómico bajo y bajo-medio, obteniéndo-se valores de 0.15-0.35 mg F/día. De determinó la absorción relativa de F a partir de los elementos dietarios que lo contienen en mayor proporción, obteniéndose valores de 0.58 y 0.32 en ayunas y co-administrato con alimentos sólidos con té, respectivamente, y un valor de 0.34 para el pescado, considerándose que el valor de absorción del F (como fluoruro de sodio) en agua y en ayunas,m es de 1.00. El estudio en cuestión demostró que la absorción de F (como MFO) en leche, es equivalente a la de F (como FNa) en agua. Se estimaron los costos relativos (para la situación en Chile) de la fluoración de leche y de la fluoración de aguas, encontrando-se que la fortificación de la leche es por lo menos 1,000 veces más económica que la fluoración de agua. Se concluye que para la prevención de caries, la fluoración de leche es una alternativa más económica y viable que la fluoración de aguas, para algunos países en vías de desarrollo